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[Perspectives] How studying the immune system leads us to new medicines

One of the most important frontiers of scientific enquiry for the 21st century is the human immune system. It is also one of the most complex and mysterious. Understanding our body’s ability to fight disease requires us to understand a system that is highly complex and continuously changing. The power of our immune system waxes and wanes—affected by sleep, stress, nutrition, old age, the time of day, and our state of mind. Many mysteries remain. But from the knowledge we now have, countless opportunities for new medicines arise.

AMA President opens his last conference

Dr Michael Gannon opened the AMA National Conference 2018 by figuratively saying goodbye.

In his last opening address as AMA President, which was at times emotional, Dr Gannon detailed a long list of achievements secured by the AMA during his two-year tenure.

And he poured praise on the organisation he said he enjoyed leading since 2016.

“I must say that it has been a huge honour and privilege to serve the AMA and the medical profession as Federal President,” Dr Gannon said.

“It is demanding, challenging, rewarding, and life-changing. The issues, the experiences, the depth and breadth of policy and ideas, and the interface with our political leaders and the Parliament are unique to this job.

“The responsibility is immense. The payback is the knowledge that you can achieve great things for the AMA members, the whole medical profession and, most importantly, the community, and the patients in our care.”

His address focused largely on the ground covered since the AMA met for national conference in 2017.

Describing it as a “very busy and very successful year for the Federal AMA,” Dr Gannon said time had passed very quickly in the job but much had been accomplished.

“Throughout the last 12 months, your elected representatives and the hardworking staff in the Secretariat in Canberra have delivered significant achievements in policy, advocacy, political influence, professional standards, doctors’ health, media profile, and public relations,” he said.

“We all worked tirelessly to ensure that health policy and bureaucratic processes were shaped to provide the best possible professional working environments for Australian doctors and the highest quality care for our patients.

“The unique role of the AMA in health advocacy is that we are looked to for commentary on the breadth and depth of health policy, social policy, and the health system.”

Dr Gannon said strong and robust advocacy led to a number of policy outcomes at the federal political level.

He said many organisations get nothing for their efforts, but the AMA never gives up.

“To be successful in Canberra, you have to learn to take the knocks along with the wins, then go back again and again for a better outcome,” he said.

“It is breathtakingly naïve to think it works otherwise. And that is what we have done, and keep doing.”

In 2017, the AMA launched its regular Safe Hours Audit Report, which gave added focus to the emerging issue of doctors’ health.

To enhance this focus on doctors’ health, AMA coordination of Doctors’ Health Services continues all around the country, with funding support from the Medical Board of Australia.

“We maintained a strong focus on medical workforce and training places, which resulted in the National Medical Training Advisory Network significantly increasing its workforce modelling work,” Dr Gannon told the conference.

“We secured a number of concessions in the proposed redesign of the Practice Incentive Program, as well as a delay in the introduction of changes.

“The AMA lobbied at the highest level for a more durable solution to concerns over Pathology collection centre rents. We focused on effective compliance, and achieving a fair balance between the interests of GP members and Pathologist members.

“We led the reforms to after-hours GP services provided through Medical Deputising Services to ensure that these services are better targeted, and there is stronger communication between them and a patient’s usual GP.

“We successfully lobbied the ACCC to renew the AMA’s existing authorisation that permits GPs to engage in intra-practice price setting. This potentially saves GPs thousands of dollars every year in legal and other compliance costs.

“We ensured a proportionate response from the Government in response to concerns over the security of Medicare card numbers. This avoided more draconian proposals that would have added to the compliance burden on practices, and added a barrier to care for patients.

“We fundamentally altered the direction of the Medical Indemnity Insurance Review.”

The AMA campaigned on the issue of doctors’ health and the need for COAG to change mandatory reporting laws, promoting the WA model.

It led a nationally coordinated campaign with the State AMAs and other peak bodies to uphold the TGA’s decision to up-schedule Codeine.

It campaigned against an inadequate, poorly conceived, and ideological National Maternity Services Framework, which has now been scrapped.

The 2018 AMA Public Hospital Report Card put the political, media, and public focus on the stresses and pressures on public hospitals and all who work in them. The current funding model, based entirely around payments for activity, discourages innovation and is inadequate in addressing the demands placed by an ageing population.

“We prosecuted the case for vastly improved Private Health Insurance products through membership of the Private Health Ministerial Advisory Committee, my annual National Press Club Address, an appearance before a Senate Select Committee, and regular and ongoing media and advocacy,” Dr Gannon said.

“This work was complemented by the launch of the AMA Private Health Insurance Report Card.

“We successfully lobbied for a fundamental change in the direction of the Anaesthesia Clinical Committee of the MBS Review. The Australian Society of Anaesthetists were grateful for our assistance and leadership. Many other Colleges, Associations and Societies have worked out that partnership with, rather than competing with, the AMA is the smartest way to get results.

“We launched a new AMA Fees List with all the associated benefits of mobility and regular updates.

“We saw a number of our Aged Care policy recommendations included in a number of Government reviews.

“We lobbied against what could easily have been an ill-thought-out UK-style Revalidation proposal. Our work resulted in a vastly improved Professional Performance Framework based around enhanced Continuing Professional Development.”

Dr Gannon said the AMA had provided strong leadership right across the busy public health landscape over the past year.

The AMA Indigenous Health Report Card focused on ear health, and specifically chronic otitis media.

The Federal Council endorsed the Uluru Statement from the Heart, acknowledging that Recognition is another key social determinant of health for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians.

A product of a policy session at last year’s AMA National Conference was the subsequent updating of the AMA Position Statement on Obesity,

“I think that it is inevitable that we will eventually see a tax on sugar-sweetened beverages similar to those recently introduced in Britain and Ireland,” Dr Gannon said.

“In fact it is so simple, so easy, and so obvious, I worry that it will be seen by a future Government as a ‘silver bullet’ to what is a much more complex health and social policy issue.”

Position Statements on an Australian Centre for Disease Control; Female Genital Mutilation; Infant Feeding and Maternal Health; Harmful Substance Use, Dependence, and Behavioural Addiction; and Firearms were also highlighted.

“We conducted ongoing and prominent advocacy for the health and wellbeing of Asylum Seekers and Refugees,” he said.

“We promoted the benefits of immunisation to individuals and the broader community. Our advocacy has contributed to an increase in vaccination rates.

“We provided strong advocacy on climate change and health, among a broader suite of commentary on environmental issues.

“We consistently advocated for better women’s health services. And released a first ever statement on Men’s Health.”

New Position Statements were also released on Mental Health, Road Safety, Nutrition, Organ Donation and Transplantation, Blood Borne Viruses, and Rural Workforce.

“We promoted our carefully constructed position statement on Euthanasia and Physician Assisted Suicide during consideration of legislation in Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales and WA,” Dr Gannon said.

“That advocacy was not universally popular. Our Position Statement acknowledges the diversity of opinion within the profession…

“We led the medical community by being the first to release a Position Statement on Marriage Equalityand advocated for the legislative change that eventuated in late 2017.”

In July 2017, AMA advocacy was publicly recognised when the Governance Institute rated the AMA as the most ethical and the most successful lobby group in Australia.

Dr Gannon added that the highlight of the 2017 international calendar for him was the annual General Assembly of the World Medical Association.

“Outcomes from that meeting included high level discussions on end-of-life care, climate change and environmental health, numerous other global social and ethical issues, and seeing the inclusion of doctors’ health as a core issue in both medical ethics and professionalism,” he said.

“I get goosebumps when I read aloud the Declaration of Geneva. It is a source of immense personal pride that I was intimately involved with its latest editorial revision, only the fifth since 1948.

“But our focus remained at home, and your AMA was very active in promoting our Mission: Leading Australia’s Doctors – Promoting Australia’s Health.

“We had great successes. We earned and maintained the respect of our politicians, the bureaucracy, and the health sector.

“We won the support of the public as we have fought for a better health system for all Australians.”

Dr Gannon thanked his family, staff, the AMA Secretariat, Board and Federal Council.

CHRIS JOHNSON

Candidate profile – Dr Janice Fletcher MBBS (Hons 1), MD, BSc, FRACP, FRCPA

Nominating for the position of AMA Vice President

My decision to nominate for Vice President came about after careful consideration about what I could offer the role, and, importantly, if I had the time to commit to the requirements of the position.

After a recent (second) knee replacement I also had to make sure I was fit to run.  I, only half jokingly, credit my orthopaedic surgeon for this decision.

Having served as President of the AMA SA I have been exposed to the rigours of such a role.

I believe strongly in the role of the AMA, recognising the issues both at Federal and State level, having worked in South Australia, New South Wales, and Victoria.  Coming from a small state, I bring geographic diversity to the executive table.

My professional background is diverse; paediatrics, genetics, pathology and medical administration.  I was proud to be the fourth female President of the AMA SA. 

As a strongly influential organisation, the AMA must be at the forefront of setting the health agenda for Australia. As experts in evidence-based medicine, we need an evidence-based approach to our profession.

We need to advocate for, and evaluate, research which will give us a true picture of the health needs of the Australian community and the workforce requirements in the next five, ten, twenty years and beyond. And we need to know who is currently being trained, and in what areas.

This will give our next generation of doctors a much better insight into where the jobs will be in the coming years.

In taking this proactive role the AMA will be re-established as the key decision maker, ensuring that the right policies are in place to steer the right course.

I have extensive experience in the public domain, with the media and have worked with all sides of politics.

I have been given a ‘sensible’ tag, which I wear proudly. This role is not about me, but more about the decisions the AMA makes. I bring to the table a considered approach, objectively looking at all sides of an issue. I know when to ‘keep my powder dry’ and when to go in, guns blazing.

Also of benefit to the AMA leadership team is my expertise in the field of genetics.  As evidenced by the 2018 Federal Budget, this area of medicine is a key driver of our future and the impact it will have across all fields of medicine is significant.  I am an Emeritus Member of the Human Genetics Society of Australasia, with professional respect across the country and internationally.

I am passionate about improving nutrition in our community, particularly in childhood. We must improve nutritional literacy for all Australians.  We must also improve genomic literacy for the community, patients and all healthcare professionals.

A focus on the future is what is driving me to nominate for Vice President. As a teacher and researcher, I continue to work with many young doctors and students. If we don’t advocate strongly for them, they will not have a profession, but a mere job.

I am not running on a ‘ticket’ as I know I can represent the interests of all States and Territories and work alongside all President nominees.

If you would like further information or to contact me, please visit my website:

https://janicefletcher0.wixsite.com/aboutjanicefletcher I would love to hear from you.

* See other candidate profiles on this site.  

 

 

[Series] Intervention strategies to improve nutrition and health behaviours before conception

The nutritional status of both women and men before conception has profound implications for the growth, development, and long-term health of their offspring. Evidence of the effectiveness of preconception interventions for improving outcomes for mothers and babies is scarce. However, given the large potential health return, and relatively low costs and risk of harm, research into potential interventions is warranted. We identified three promising strategies for intervention that are likely to be scalable and have positive effects on a range of health outcomes: supplementation and fortification; cash transfers and incentives; and behaviour change interventions.

[Department of Error] Department of Error

Stephenson J, Heslehurst N, Hall J, et al. Before the beginning: nutrition and lifestyle in the preconception period and its importance for future health. Lancet 2018; 391: 1830–41—In figure 1 of this Series paper (published online first on April 16, 2018), definitions for the use of * and † symbols were added to the legend. This correction has been made to the online version as of May 3, 2018, and the printed Series paper is correct.

The best diet for arthritis: what the latest research tells us

 

Osteoarthritis is the most common of the more than 200 forms of arthritis, affecting more than 20% of the population. Unfortunately, there are currently no effective treatments or approved drugs for this disabling condition, which causes the joints to become painful and stiff. Some new drugs are in the pipeline, but it will be years before they are tested in clinical trials and approved by regulators.

Many people with osteoarthritis take a bewildering variety of dietary supplements, the favourites being glucosamine and chondroitin sulphate, but the evidence doesn’t actually support their use. However, we are happy to report that our recent review of published evidence shows that eating the right foods, combined with moderate low-impact exercise, can benefit people with osteoarthritis.

Firstly, losing weight and exercising are the most significant things that osteoarthritis patients can do to ease their symptoms. Weight loss reduces the load on the joints and lowers the level of inflammation in the body, reducing arthritis pain. Exercise helps you to lose weight while keeping your muscles strong, which helps protects the joints and makes it easier to move around. So overweight and obese people with osteoarthritis should find ways to lose weight that include exercise aimed at increasing their muscle strength and enhancing their mobility.

Oily fish

Eating certain foods can also help improve patients’ symptoms and reduce their daily joint pain. Evidence shows eating more oily fish such as salmon, mackerel and sardines can improve pain and function in arthritis. This is because the long-chain omega-3 fatty-acids they contain reduce the amount of inflammatory substances the body produces. Fish-oil supplements of 1.5g per day may also help.

But eating fish oils alone may not be enough. It is also important to reduce the long-term consumption of fatty red meats and replace saturated animal fats with vegetable oils such as olive and rapeseed.

Lower cholesterol

Osteoarthritis patients are more likely to have raised blood cholesterol, so eating in a way that reduces blood cholesterol can help, as well as improving general cardiovascular health. Reducing the amount of saturated fat you eat and increasing the amount of oats and other soluble fibres will help to reduce cholesterol.

Other specific ways to reduce blood cholesterol include eating 30g a day of nuts, 25g a day of soy protein from tofu, soy milk or soy beans, and eating 2g a day of substances called stanols and sterols. These are found in small amounts in plants but the easiest way to consume them is in fortified drinks, spreads, and yogurts that have these substances added to them.

Antioxidants

Osteoarthritis occurs when the joints become inflamed by increased amounts of oxygen-containing reactive chemicals in the body. This means that eating more antioxidants, which can neutralise these chemicals, should protect the joints. Vitamins A, C and E are potent antioxidants you should make sure you get the guideline amounts of them to maintain healthy connective tissues throughout the body. However, the evidence that they improve osteoarthritis symptoms is debatable.

Vitamin A is abundant in carrots, curly kale and sweet potato. Fresh fruits and green vegetables are rich in vitamin C, especially citrus fruits, red and green peppers and blackcurrants. Nuts and seeds are a great dietary source of vitamin E and oils derived from sunflower seeds are rich in vitamin E.

Evidence suggests that increasing the intake of vitamin K sources such as kale, spinach, broccoli and Brussels sprouts may also benefit people with osteoarthritis. We also know vitamin D, which your body makes when exposed to sunlight, is important for bone health and many people don’t produce enough. But more evidence is needed before vitamin D supplements can be recommended for osteoarthritis patients.

Though several popular diet books on arthritis advocate avoiding certain foods, there is no clinical evidence that this benefits osteoarthritis patients.

The ConversationWith the help of dietitian colleagues, we have summarised our findings in a food fact sheet on diet and osteoarthritis endorsed by the British Dietetic Association

Ali Mobasheri, Professor of Musculoskeletal Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey and Margaret Rayman, Professor of Nutritional Medicine, University of Surrey

This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.

[Correspondence] Associations of fats and carbohydrates with cardiovascular disease and mortality—PURE and simple?

The Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study,1 which included 18 cohorts from low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries worldwide, reported that high carbohydrate intake was associated with an increased risk of total mortality, whereas high intake of total fat and individual types of fat were associated with reduced total mortality. These results contribute valuable evidence to the field of nutrition, but using questionnaires to infer the amount, quality, and composition of intake of fats is error prone because of the complexity of foods and the possibility of implausible questionnaire entries.

[Editorial] Campaigning for preconception health

A three-paper Series on preconception health in this week’s issue draws special attention to an underappreciated period in the lifecycle with far-reaching consequences across the lifecourse. The Series highlights the importance of good health and nutrition of both women and men before conception, not only for the ability to conceive, pregnancy outcomes, and maternal and child health immediately after birth but also for the long-term health of the next generation and beyond. While it is now widely accepted that alcohol, smoking, certain medications, caffeine, and poor nutritional status during pregnancy have adverse outcomes, the effect of malnutrition in all its forms—overweight and obesity, undernutrition, and nutrient deficiency—before conception is less well understood.

[Correspondence] Associations of fats and carbohydrates with cardiovascular disease and mortality—PURE and simple?

Much has been said on the results from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study by Mahshid Dehghan and colleagues.1 Data from 18 countries are represented, providing a valuable contribution to the body of prospective observational evidence. PURE is not the largest, most comprehensive, or longest running cohort study; however, the diverse sampling method is a valuable addition to nutrition epidemiology, should the PURE data be found usable.

[Correspondence] Associations of fats and carbohydrates with cardiovascular disease and mortality—PURE and simple?

It is better to be rich and healthy than poor and sick: this is the main conclusion from a study1 by Mahshid Dehghan and colleagues published in The Lancet. In the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study, investigators examined nutrition and disease in 18 countries, focusing on understudied regions. More than 135 000 participants were enrolled between 2003 and 2013, with a median follow-up of 7·4 years.